1.860 2.860 PHIL: ... Coo=l. 2.860 4.640 .. (H) Alright folks (Hx). 4.640 6.020 ... Well alreet (hx), 6.020 6.850 well alroot (hx), 6.850 7.590 well alright. 7.590 10.790 (H) By now I'm sure you're wondering about the different things that I have on the table here, 10.790 11.400 but first, 11.720 14.250 (H) ... I would like to .. talk to you about these three items. 14.250 14.970 I have here, 15.110 16.310 (H) some ice in a pan, 16.310 17.490 (H) water in this glass, 17.490 19.100 .. and steam rising from this pot. 19.100 20.200 (H) .. Now=. 20.410 21.580 ... I would like to ask you, 21.580 22.870 how these three things. 22.870 23.740 .. Tell me please. 23.740 24.850 (H) How are they all alike. 26.150 26.920 ... (H) These three things. 26.920 28.100 This ice here in this pan. 28.100 29.190 (H) This water in this glass, 29.190 30.240 and the steam rising from this pot, 30.240 30.910 just yell it out, 30.910 32.020 w=e are informal here, 32.020 32.450 yes. 32.450 33.540 (H) .. Correct. 33.540 35.170 ... They are all forms of water. 35.170 36.600 This ice here of course is water, 36.600 38.550 (H) I told you there was water in this glass, 38.550 40.260 .. and you have all seen water boil at home, 40.260 41.650 so you are familiar with steam. 41.650 43.710 (H) But now let's try to figure out how they're different, 43.710 44.730 we'll look at temperature, 44.730 45.370 (H) first. 45.370 46.990 And the temperature o=f this water here, 46.990 47.610 the ice, 47.610 48.440 .. i=s, 49.350 50.450 (H) ... about uh twenty-four- -- 50.450 50.810 n_woo. 50.810 51.580 Nineteen degrees. 51.580 52.090 Very cold. 52.090 54.530 (H) The temperature o=f this %w- water here, 54.530 55.530 is sixty-four degrees, 55.540 56.940 (H) the temperature of this steam, 56.940 58.200 i=s, 59.070 60.110 ... . 61.290 61.630 ... Yeah, 61.630 63.580 it's about a hundred a=nd eleven degrees. 63.640 64.140 ... Okay. 64.120 66.060 (H) (Hx)= Fahrenheit. 66.360 66.820 ... Okay. 66.820 67.100 (H) Oh, 67.100 67.790 and by the way guys, 67.790 68.870 what do we call something that's hard, 68.870 69.830 like this ice here, 69.830 70.330 or a table, 70.330 70.870 or a rock. 70.870 71.970 (H) We call it a? 72.120 73.520 MANY: ... Solid. 73.530 74.020 PHIL: (H) Very good. 74.020 74.290 You should g- -- 74.290 75.360 you should be a choir. 75.360 76.550 .. You should go out on the road there, 76.550 76.870 like, 76.800 77.300 ... yeah. 77.200 77.540 : (H) 77.540 78.120 AUD: .. [We are]. 77.540 78.120 PHIL: [(H)] Y- -- 78.210 78.880 ... Oh well, 78.880 79.960 .. I'm glad to meet you. 79.960 80.870 @@ (H) 80.870 82.740 Plea=se give me your itinerary after the show. 82.740 83.260 Yes. 83.200 83.890 (H) Yes. 83.910 85.270 ... Of course we call it a sholids. 85.270 85.830 A solid. 85.830 87.080 And a solid has one shape. 87.080 88.710 (H) The shape that it starts out with. 88.830 90.260 (H)= And what do we call something that you- -- 90.260 91.390 .. that you can splish splash. 91.390 92.110 Take a bath in. 92.080 93.560 [Anything wet] like soda or milk. 92.880 93.550 MANY: [Liquid]. 93.550 94.320 PHIL: You're not gonna let me finish, 94.320 94.660 are you. 94.660 95.190 (H) Yes, 95.190 96.040 we call it a, 96.220 97.240 AUD: ... Liquid. 97.230 97.960 PHIL: Very good. 97.960 99.590 And a liquid .. can change its shape, 99.590 103.180 (H) .. to f- completely fill the bottom of whatever container you put it in. 103.230 104.340 (H) And finally, 104.340 105.700 what do we call something that's loose, 105.710 107.470 and floating around like this steam here. 107.470 108.580 (H) O=r a cloud, 108.580 109.380 or the air we breathe, 109.380 110.350 we call it a, 110.350 111.210 MANY: Gas. 110.960 111.780 PHIL: (H) Correct. 111.780 112.490 a gas. 112.490 115.730 And a ga=s completely fi=lls whatever shape container (H) you put it in. 115.820 116.550 (H) And so, 116.550 117.890 how do you get water to change, 117.890 118.870 (H) from a solid, 118.870 119.690 (H) to a liquid, 119.690 120.470 .. to a gas, 120.470 121.450 ... and back and forth. 121.450 122.730 AUD: Add energy. 122.280 123.210 PHIL: (H) Woo=. 123.210 124.380 I like the way he expressed that. 124.380 125.610 Never before have I heard it, 125.610 127.420 (H) a=dd .. or subtract energy, 127.420 127.900 o=r, 128.070 128.680 (H) heat, 128.680 130.190 .. (H) change the temperature, 130.190 130.770 basically. 130.770 131.240 Correct? 131.470 132.140 ... Alright. 132.140 132.700 Well folks, 132.700 134.460 now I'm going to show you something else that happens. 134.460 135.630 (H) When you change the temperature, 135.630 138.130 and that's where these (H) come in. 138.130 139.490 (H) I have here, 139.490 140.610 (H) a number of balloons, 140.610 140.800 but, 140.800 142.160 l- let's see how many of these balloons, 142.160 142.690 I can fit, 142.870 144.790 : (H) . 144.790 145.250 Well, 145.250 146.500 ... (H) everybody count together. 146.500 147.300 This [would be=], 146.820 148.070 AUD: [There's a] XX in there. 148.040 148.410 PHIL: (H) you think, 148.410 148.810 .. well, 148.850 149.360 ... okay, 149.360 150.370 %w= th- th-, 150.370 152.880 (H) I'm glad I never saw d- Citizen Cane with you, 153.090 154.560 ... . 154.570 155.180 (H) Okay. 155.180 155.470 Well, 155.470 155.970 @@ 155.970 157.050 (H) let's all count together folks, 157.050 157.910 that wa=s, 158.060 159.080 AUD1: ... One. 158.910 159.510 AUD2: [One]. 158.910 159.830 PHIL: [(H) very] good. 159.830 162.330 One balloon going into the (H) little container here. 162.330 163.180 And this would be, 163.180 164.280 MANY: Two. 164.140 164.680 PHIL: (H) two. 164.680 165.780 Ve=ry good counting there. 165.780 166.080 Two. 166.080 166.550 Excellent. 166.550 169.500 Two balloons going into the= (H) little container here. 169.500 170.170 @@@ 170.180 170.750 (H) , 170.750 172.240 they're not fitting in so easily. 172.200 173.690 (H) . 173.690 177.250 (H) So hopefully I can fit all balloons into this little container he=re. 177.210 178.180 AUD: ...X [XX XXXXXX] 178.180 179.720 PHIL: [(H) Oh stop guessing at what this is. 179.720 181.170 (H)] ... Let's have some suspense here. 181.180 181.860 Come o=n. 181.760 182.900 @@ (H) Alright. 182.900 183.690 And this would be? 183.690 184.780 MANY: ... Three. 184.590 185.290 PHIL: (H) Three. 185.290 185.790 Very good. 185.790 188.950 Three balloons going onto the the ... little= container there. 188.960 190.050 Three balloons. 190.050 190.590 .. Three, 190.590 190.920 yes, 190.920 192.070 the balloon trinity. 192.070 193.160 (H) And now, 193.160 194.020 ... this would be? 194.020 194.690 AUD1: Eight. 194.690 196.520 AUD2: ... [@@@@@] 194.690 196.520 AUD3: [Four]. 196.520 197.090 PHIL: Four. 197.090 197.450 Very good. 197.450 198.330 At first he was confused, 198.330 199.310 but then he figured it out. 199.310 200.860 (H) Everybody= tell him what this is, 200.860 201.440 it's, 201.600 202.710 AUD: ... Seven. 202.710 203.450 PHIL: (H) . 203.530 204.490 .. @@ 204.490 207.620 .. (H) Boy you people .. didn't watch enough Sesame Street as a child. 207.620 208.600 (H) This would be, 208.950 210.000 MANY: ... Five. 209.890 210.900 PHIL: (H) Thank you very much, 210.900 211.200 yes. 211.200 214.260 . 214.260 214.590 In. 214.590 215.170 (H) In. 215.170 216.070 (H) Dow=n. 216.080 216.600 ... Down. 216.600 217.180 . 218.850 219.660 (H) Okay. 219.660 221.460 (H) And this .. would be=? 221.630 222.990 MANY: ... Six. 222.600 223.310 PHIL: (H) Six, 223.310 223.580 good. 223.580 224.480 And let's do this uh=, 224.480 225.930 let's add some complexities to this here, 225.930 227.010 let's do it in another language. 227.010 228.580 (H) In Spanish it would be? 228.580 229.950 AUD1: .. ]. 228.580 229.950 AUD2: []. 229.950 231.080 PHIL: [(H)] ... . 231.690 232.700 Oh my gosh. 232.700 233.270 @@@ 233.560 235.290 (H) I'm afraid for our nation. 235.290 235.970 (H) Okay, 235.970 236.560 well, 236.560 237.600 ... and this would be, 237.710 239.360 AUD: ... . 239.360 240.480 PHIL: (H) thank you=. 240.810 242.180 ... (H) Seve=n. 242.180 242.500 Right? 242.500 242.800 Seven. 242.800 243.290 Okay. 243.290 243.990 (H) And finally, 243.990 244.750 this would be, 244.750 246.040 AUD1: ... [Eigh=t]. 244.750 246.040 AUD2: []. 246.040 246.340 PHIL: eight, 246.340 247.790 or in Spanish, 248.160 249.660 ... and uh in French, 249.660 250.630 thank you very much. 250.680 252.400 (H) @I @thought you were telling me your breakfast. 252.400 252.850 What you had for b- -- 252.850 253.440 But no, 253.440 254.230 (H) . 254.230 254.970 .. Very good. 254.970 255.910 .. Oh my gosh, 256.100 258.690 (H) ... eight balloons into this little container here, 258.690 260.350 .. I bet you're wondering r- how that [happened], 259.690 261.170 AUD1: [. 260.430 261.540 AUD2: ... There's a hole [22]. 261.530 261.940 PHIL: [2(H)2] well, 261.940 262.530 ... there's a hole, 262.530 262.890 no, 262.890 263.810 if you're thinking there's a hole, 263.810 264.350 think again. 264.350 264.900 Because, 264.900 266.780 (H) there's no hole in the counter at all. 266.790 267.470 [(H)] 266.790 267.230 AUD1: [Pull em out]. 267.230 268.710 AUD2: You slowed down the molecules, 268.720 270.170 PHIL: Well- la- duh- dah- dih- duh- duh-, 270.170 271.480 .. you're getting a little ahead of me son. 271.480 272.340 .. @@ (H) 272.600 274.210 ... Let's all figure it out together. 274.170 274.760 AUD: []. 274.210 276.300 PHIL: [(H) And we can get] a better idea of what's happening to the balloons, 276.300 277.810 if we go back and look at the water again. 277.810 279.300 . 279.300 279.670 (H) You're -- 279.670 280.360 What- y- what -- 280.360 280.690 .. Y- -- 280.750 282.510 Do you heckle every scientific person. 282.510 283.290 .. This is really terrible. 283.290 285.400 (H) I'm gonna take some of this hot (H) water here, 285.400 287.470 and pour it into this (H) flask here. 288.230 290.730 ... (SWALLOW) And put a balloon over the top .. of the flask. 290.920 292.590 (H) ... . 292.610 293.290 ... (H) Alright? 293.290 293.710 And now, 293.710 294.710 I will heat up this water. 294.710 295.330 Using, 295.360 297.610 ... (H) . 299.090 302.690 ... (Hx)= ... (H) Does it use real Bunsen? 302.690 303.420 Is that what you're asking me? 303.430 304.750 (H) Alright here we go=. 304.760 306.120 ... The=re we go=. 306.320 307.140 (H) ... Alright, 307.140 308.940 I'm using the fire now to heat up the water, 308.940 311.430 but let's (H) behave like scientists now, 311.450 312.470 .. and .. watch, 312.470 313.030 and observe, 313.030 314.290 and take note of what we see. 314.370 315.330 (H) Okay? 315.330 316.060 (TSK) (H) Now. 316.200 316.900 ... Folks. 316.890 317.610 ... What do we see. 317.610 318.900 Well if we look very closely, 318.900 319.710 (H) we can see, 319.710 321.410 .. (H) condensation here. 321.410 323.330 (H) ... On the sides of this flask, 323.330 324.270 and steam. 324.390 325.440 ... Rising up from the water. 325.440 326.530 Going up into the balloon, 326.530 328.990 (H) making .. the balloon .. blow up. 332.720 333.190 ... Woo, 333.190 334.060 don't want too much heat there. 334.060 336.670 (H) Oh we can also start to see (H) bubbles in the water. 336.760 339.240 (H) The water that was sitting at the bottom of this flask, 339.270 340.710 (H) turned into a g=as. 340.770 341.980 (H) That had enough force, 341.980 343.900 (H) to fill up (H) this balloon. 344.430 346.320 ... (H) That's what we call boiling folks, 346.320 347.170 and I'm sure you do too. 347.170 350.450 Turning from a liquid (H) into .. (H) a gas. 351.090 352.780 ... (H) Now if I took the t- balloon, 352.780 354.760 .. if I took the balloon off the top of this flask here, 354.760 356.200 and put the water into the freezer, 356.200 357.920 (H) .. what do you think would happen to the water. 359.160 361.070 ... (H) It would freeze and turn into a? 361.080 361.950 AUD: ... Solid. 362.020 362.550 PHIL: (H) Solid, 362.550 363.160 correct. 363.160 364.260 .. But it would still be water. 364.260 364.860 Yes you're right. 364.860 366.080 (H) ... Whether it's a solid, 366.080 366.560 a liquid, 366.560 367.240 or a gas. 367.240 369.380 So let's think about what water is made up of. 369.380 371.820 Well water is made up of .. atoms. 371.820 372.890 .. (H) . 372.890 374.380 Everything is made up of atoms. 374.380 375.110 (H) Solids, 375.110 375.660 (H) liquids, 375.760 376.230 .. gasses. 376.230 376.890 Now in water, 376.890 380.010 (H) two atoms of what ato- uh .. element? 380.010 380.410 Yes? 380.330 381.140 AUD: .. Hydrogen. 380.790 381.630 PHIL: (H) Very good, 381.630 382.300 hydrogen, 382.300 383.050 (H) and, 383.050 384.250 ... one atom of what? 384.470 385.380 AUD: .. Oxygen. 385.300 385.850 PHIL: .. Oxygen. 385.850 386.830 .. I know you wanted to say it, 386.830 387.840 but .. he's my pet. 387.840 388.620 (H) Okay? 388.550 389.350 AUD: .. [], 388.760 389.590 PHIL: [(H)] (TSK) 389.590 393.780 %A- all these atoms .. combine to form .. a molecule of water. 393.780 395.140 (H) And that's what a molecule is folk. 395.140 396.430 A group of atoms, 396.430 397.080 (H) hanging out. 397.080 398.320 .. Having a good time together. 398.510 400.620 (H) And they call the water molecule .. aich two o. 400.640 401.010 .. Alright. 401.010 401.590 So. 402.770 403.430 ... (TSK) Folks. 403.680 405.850 .. (TSK) (H) How do you suppose the molecules in this water, 405.850 406.620 . 407.730 408.850 .. [@@ (H)] 407.640 408.790 AUD: [@@@@] 408.850 411.020 PHIL: How do you suppose the molecules in this water when it's ice, 411.030 413.880 are different from the molecules in the water (H) when it's a liquid, 413.880 415.200 and different still from the water -- 415.200 417.240 (H) .. from the molecules in the water [when it's] steam. 416.500 416.830 AUD: []. 417.870 418.460 PHIL: ... Do you know? 419.430 420.500 ... (H) .. Yes? 420.300 421.960 AUD: They're not moving X[XX]. 421.480 422.430 PHIL: [(H)] That's right, 422.430 422.710 it's th- -- 422.710 424.240 it's movement my friends. 424.240 424.560 You see, 424.560 425.680 a=ll molecules move. 425.680 426.400 Not just in water, 426.400 427.890 (H) but in everything in the universe. 427.890 428.760 (H) . 429.820 432.900 (H) But to get a better understanding of how those m=olecules interact, 432.900 436.870 (H) let's= pretend these ping-pong balls here= (H) are molecules. 436.870 437.980 (H) Well folks. 437.980 438.890 (H) In a solid, 438.890 440.210 (H) like this ice here. 440.210 441.040 Or a table. 441.050 444.050 (H) The molecules are moving [(H)] ve=ry slowly. 444.480 445.260 >ENV: [<. 449.520 450.300 .. (H) Okay, 450.300 451.510 they move very coolly, 452.130 453.230 .. slowly, 451.510 452.130 : and that's what it's like, 453.410 454.550 (H) in a solid. 454.550 455.090 Like the ice. 455.090 456.040 But in a liquid, 455.910 456.470 >ENV: ((MACHINE_LOUDER)) 456.430 458.380 PHIL: .. (H) the molecules are moving a little more quickly. 458.710 459.220 ... Okay? 459.220 462.550 So you have some .. fluidity of movement within a fixed volume. 462.520 463.310 (H) Okay, 463.310 465.520 they're a= little mo=re .. further apart there, 465.610 467.080 .. (H) but in a gas, 467.060 467.670 >ENV: ((MACHINE_LOUDER)) 467.470 468.510 PHIL: ... ? 471.060 473.770 (H) They're moving so fast they completely fill the shape container, 473.780 476.150 ... % ... 474.130 476.257 >ENV: MACHINE_STOPS>> 476.210 477.890 PHIL: .. That's what it's like in a gas. 478.370 482.850 ... . 482.850 485.820 So if you have (H) , 485.840 487.400 (H) what temperature do you have people. 489.850 490.810 ... (H) ... Yes, 490.860 491.380 .. cold, 491.380 492.630 or low temperature. 492.630 494.280 (H) And if you have fast moving molecules, 494.280 495.810 what type of temperature do you have. 495.750 496.670 MANY: ... Hot. 496.440 498.590 PHIL: (H) . 498.870 499.700 (H) You're right. 499.700 501.500 (H) But not every substance beco=mes, 501.500 502.360 a solid, 502.360 503.150 (H) a liquid, 503.150 503.840 and a gas, 503.840 505.080 at the same temperatures, 505.180 506.180 (H) as water does. 506.280 509.630 (H) And that brings us back to the mystery (H) . 509.630 510.910 Now inside this container here, 510.910 511.840 into which our balloons, 511.840 512.110 HI>, 512.100 514.950 (H) (TSK) I am losing my ... spheres. 514.950 516.370 (TSK) (H) ... Inside this container, 516.380 517.750 into which our balloons have disappeared, 517.750 518.770 I have a liquid. 518.970 520.190 (H) I'm going to take some of that liquid, 520.190 523.590 and examine it much in the same way that I did (H) the water=. 531.360 532.280 ... . 535.320 536.330 Alright guys. 536.330 538.430 (H) Let's watch now and see what occurs. 538.430 541.080 (H) I'm going to pour this liquid into this flask here, 541.650 542.620 ... (H) .. and again, 542.620 543.910 we will behave like scientists, 543.910 544.300 and watch, 544.300 544.800 and observe, 544.800 548.420 and see what we ... n=otice. 548.860 550.730 .. (H) Now here= ... is a liquid. 550.730 552.170 ... That is bubbling and steaming, 552.170 553.200 like the water was, 553.130 553.980 (H) when there were the f- -- 553.980 555.400 .. when there was a fla=me underneath it. 555.400 555.900 But, 555.910 558.630 (H) there's no flame underneath this .. liquid here. 558.920 560.190 ... N_that's different. 560.300 561.240 .. (H) Let's see, 561.240 563.300 .. what happens when I put a balloon o=ver the top. 563.550 565.380 (H) ... If we do in fact have a liquid, 565.380 566.350 that's turning into a gas, 566.350 567.840 with enough force to fill up a balloon, 567.840 569.230 and lo and beho=ld, 569.240 570.250 (H) . 570.250 572.230 (H) It i=s filling up the balloon here. 572.230 572.820 .. But. 573.600 575.430 ... (H) ... This steam here is very cold. 575.430 577.610 And we can see that frost (H) is forming, 577.610 579.520 on the sides of this here. 579.590 580.580 .. (H) (Hx). 582.280 583.080 (H) That's curious. 583.080 585.410 Let's see what the temperature is of this liquid. 585.560 586.370 .. (H) % 586.380 587.290 AUD: XXX 587.290 588.140 MANY: (LAUGHTER) 587.960 589.810 PHIL: Did you guys come from a deprived home or something, 589.810 590.760 you didn't have balloons? 590.770 592.570 @@@ (H) . 593.930 596.110 (H) I'm going to put this probe here into this liquid, 596.110 598.460 and we will see what temperature (H) this balloon is. 598.460 599.600 Uh try to .. stay in your seats, 599.600 601.570 I don't want you guys to run up .. throughout the show. 601.570 602.450 ... Okay, 602.450 604.260 now the temperature of this liquid i=s, 604.260 607.760 (H) three-hundred and twenty-three degrees below= zero=. 608.180 611.500 (H) Water becomes a solid at thirty-two degrees above zero. 611.500 614.300 And it remains a solid (H) at every tenjure- temperature below that. 614.300 614.710 So, 614.710 615.050 folks, 615.050 615.640 do you think, 615.640 618.740 (H) this .. three-hundred and twenty-three degree l=iquid, 619.140 620.520 ... i=s .. water. 618.720 619.320 MANY: .. No. 621.440 622.000 PHIL: (H) No. 622.000 622.340 That's right, 622.340 624.000 go ahead and shake your heads in disbelief. 624.000 625.060 Of course it's not water. 625.060 625.730 (H) No. 625.730 628.580 This .. folks .. is .. liquid (H) n=itrogen. 628.580 630.330 .. . 630.330 633.570 (H) ... Where folks can you find ... lots of nitrogen. 635.930 636.450 ... % In -- 636.450 637.000 He's like, 637.000 637.500 .. 0oing this. 637.500 638.360 I thought he had bad breath, 638.360 638.950 , 639.140 640.570 ... the air you're breathing right now. 640.570 641.850 Your lungs are filled with this stuff, 641.850 642.410 all of you. 642.410 645.410 (H) ... The air is probably about seventy percent nitrogen, 645.410 646.240 a=nd uh, 646.240 646.760 .. it's oxygen, 646.760 648.020 and other gasses as well, 648.020 648.720 (H) okay? 648.720 649.950 .. Our body takes it all in. 649.950 651.470 (H) But we only u=se the oxygen. 651.470 652.680 We breathe out the nitrogen. 652.680 654.860 The reason why the nitrogen is not freezing our lungs, 654.860 656.470 (H) as it is doing this flask here, 656.470 657.310 (H) is because, 657.310 659.120 (H) those molecules are moving much faster. 659.120 660.900 (H) The .. nitrogen is w=armer. 660.900 662.580 Probably about seventy degrees I would imagine. 662.580 663.400 (H) But, 663.400 666.860 ... . 669.590 670.420 (H) Well, 670.420 671.780 ... to get exactly, 671.780 673.410 ... to get an idea about how cold that is, 673.410 676.300 let's use these two ... bouncing rubber balls. 676.300 678.040 I would like you people in the audience to, 678.040 679.390 (H) examine the balls. 679.870 681.290 ... To let me know if, 681.290 682.730 .. (H) they are in fact, 683.450 685.790 ... average normal everyday balls. 686.580 687.960 ... Testify for the audience. 687.960 688.920 . 689.510 690.300 AUD: @@@ 689.510 691.370 PHIL: (H)= .. You've really haven't been fed, 691.370 691.800 have you. 691.800 692.970 Oh I'm really feeling sorry for you. 692.970 694.180 Please bounce it back now. 696.020 696.360 AUD: ... No, 696.360 697.150 don't bounce [it. 696.540 697.180 PHIL: [@ (H)] 697.220 698.780 AUD: . 698.310 699.930 PHIL: (H) @@@@ (H) 699.440 700.320 AUD: Throw it in the water. 700.320 701.460 .. . 701.290 701.900 PHIL: (H) That was -- 701.900 702.800 .. I'm surprised I caught that. 702.800 704.000 Normally I'm .. f_try to goof. 704.000 704.920 I'm like Michael Jordan, 704.920 705.610 in the White Sox. 705.610 706.000 But anyway, 706.000 707.110 (H) but this time I caught it. 707.110 707.960 (H) So, 707.960 708.850 let's see what happens, 708.850 711.740 when one of these balls goes into the . 711.730 713.290 Now the other one stays out here, 713.290 714.280 (H) with me. 714.280 715.510 ... Where it's nice and warm. 715.510 718.870 (H)= ... Well let's think now about what's happening to this ball. 718.870 721.490 ... It's in the liquid nitrogen. 721.490 722.000 Right? 722.000 722.970 (H) So. 722.970 724.550 .. What do you think is happening to the ball. 724.550 726.470 Is the ball getting hotter (H) or colder. 726.470 727.530 Everybody say it out lou=d. 727.390 727.820 AUD: Hotter. 727.730 728.570 MANY: .. Colder. 727.780 729.030 PHIL: (H) Colder. 729.030 729.470 Okay, 729.500 730.960 ... . 731.890 732.610 (H)= Yes, 732.610 733.510 it's getting colder. 733.510 735.220 (H) So if the ball is getting colder, 735.220 737.310 do you think the ball='s m=olecules, 737.310 738.890 (H) are going faster? 738.890 739.700 ... Or slower. 739.890 740.990 MANY: Slower. 740.490 741.490 PHIL: (H) Slower, 741.490 741.810 okay. 741.810 743.200 And that .. you all .. concur. 743.200 743.920 That is excellent. 743.920 744.560 (H) So, 744.560 746.440 if these molecules are going slower, 746.440 747.290 (H) do you think -- 748.620 749.760 ... and the ball is getting colder, 749.760 753.280 do you think the ball is becoming (H) ? 753.300 754.290 .. Or more of a liquid. 754.290 754.630 What do you think. 755.290 756.210 AUD: .. Liquid. 755.700 756.990 PHIL: (H) A l=iquid, 756.990 758.100 only one person thinks that, 758.100 760.180 cause everybody didn't want to go all that far out on a limb. 760.180 761.290 So let's see, 761.490 762.920 (H) .. if uh, 762.910 763.730 @sh- -- 763.730 765.790 (H) if what this guy is thinking is true. 765.790 766.860 If it becomes more of a liquid, 766.860 767.890 or more of a solid. 767.890 770.710 I will take this ball (H) o=f the liquid nitrogen, 770.710 773.500 and we will begin ... the experiments. 773.570 774.510 (H) Okay, 774.510 774.990 now. 775.090 776.010 ... Let's see, 776.130 776.850 ... they look alike, 776.850 777.160 don't they, 777.160 778.170 they still look .. pretty much the same, 778.170 779.800 except we have steam coming off this ball here, 779.800 781.900 let's see (H) if they bounce .. as before. 781.900 783.260 >ENV: ((BALL_BOUNCING)) 783.260 785.830 PHIL: ... (H) Well this one .. m- .. bounces pretty much the same, 785.840 786.790 but this one is different. 786.790 787.960 (H) That is curious. 787.960 788.590 . 788.590 790.210 (H) Well I must continue my study. 790.210 793.490 (H) Let's see how they react under ... . 794.390 795.080 ... (H) (GRUNT) 795.080 795.930 (H) Okay, 795.930 796.740 (GRUNT) 796.740 797.140 (H) alright, 797.140 798.990 this one .. pretty much .. is absorbing my energy, 798.990 799.740 it remains intact, 799.750 801.350 but let's see what happens to this ball. 801.820 803.880 ... 803.880 807.410 ... (H) @@ (H) @@ .. (H)= 806.710 807.960 AUD: Did it break? 808.000 809.300 PHIL: ... . 809.370 810.870 (H) It broke. 810.870 811.510 ... You see, 811.510 813.350 these molecules got slower and slower and slower, 813.350 813.770 a=nd, 813.770 814.870 (H) closer together. 814.870 816.860 (H) The ball became more of a solid than before, 816.860 817.720 it became harder. 817.720 819.260 (H)= .. Well folks, 819.260 820.150 that .. kinda k- -- 820.430 822.820 it .. gives you a little bit of an idea of what's happening to our balloons, 822.820 824.790 but it still doesn't make it absolutely clear, 824.790 825.560 (H) so. 826.380 831.020 ... (H) And we'll see what happens to this ... . 834.000 835.350 ... (H) Alright? 835.480 837.600 ... Rather than see what happens tha- there and- -- 837.600 840.330 .. guess at what's happening to these .. balloons in the container, 840.330 842.190 we will see what happens (H) to a balloon, 842.190 844.520 when it interacts with liquid nitrogen in the light of day. 844.800 845.460 ... (H) Alright, 845.460 848.200 I'm pouring the very cold liquid nitrogen over this balloon. 848.200 849.980 .. (H) So the balloon and its contents, 849.980 850.840 the air insi=de, 850.840 852.800 is getting colder and colder and colder. 852.800 854.810 (H) Okay those molecules are slowing down. 854.810 855.850 They're going slower and slower, 855.850 858.030 (H) and so they're getting closer and closer together. 858.030 858.430 Okay? 858.430 861.810 (H) You still have the same num=ber of air molecules inside this balloon, 861.810 863.140 (H) as you did before. 863.140 864.140 .. (H) It's just that, 864.140 865.130 (H) they're going slower, 865.130 866.100 so they're closer together, 866.100 867.390 and they take up less space, 867.390 869.260 (H) in this (H) balloon. 870.530 872.510 ... And look .. at the balloon. 872.510 873.780 (H) At the very bottom of it. 873.780 874.870 You can see a liquid. 874.870 876.270 .. (H) That's the air people. 876.270 878.150 How often do you get to see liquified air, 878.150 879.200 but that is the air. 879.200 882.520 (H) .. The molecules have gotten so= .. slowed down, 882.520 883.690 and so close together that, 883.690 884.430 (H) they're less, 884.430 886.530 .. they're not in the .. as much in the form of a gas now, 886.530 889.110 they're more in the form % ... % (H) of a liquid. 889.110 889.900 (H) But now. 889.900 890.710 .. The air around it, 890.710 892.600 (H) is causing those molecules to speed up. 892.600 893.690 ... 893.690 894.600 (H) Ha ha=. 894.600 895.520 .. (H) And so, 895.520 897.120 ... the molecules are speeding up, 897.120 898.580 they're getting further and further apart, 898.580 900.760 (H) .. and taking up more space inside the balloon, 900.760 903.260 so the balloon goes back to its former size and shape. 903.260 905.960 (H) So that has to be what's happening (H) to the balloons, 905.960 907.690 that are inside this container here. 907.810 909.000 (H) Alright? 909.000 910.250 ... (SWALLOW) Yes, 910.250 912.260 these balloons are in the very cold liquid nitrogen, 912.260 914.330 (H) and so those molecules slowed down, 914.430 915.870 (H) and got closer together, 915.870 917.020 (Hx) (H) the air, 917.020 918.470 ... took up less space inside the balloons. 918.470 919.930 So I can fit those balloons, 919.930 921.850 (H) into this . 921.860 923.140 .. (H) , 923.140 925.420 (H) I'm taking the balloons out .. of this container, 925.420 927.810 (H) so the molecules .. a=re speeding up. 927.810 929.400 (H) The air is , 929.440 930.550 .. okay? 930.550 932.840 .. And so the molecules are going (H) faster and faster, 932.840 934.570 and they're getting further and further apart, 934.880 936.960 ... (H) they're taking up less space, 937.220 938.490 ... (H) insi=de- -- 938.490 938.770 I'm sorry, 938.770 940.160 taking .. up more and more space, 940.160 941.040 inside these balloons. 941.720 944.000 .. (H) .. And you might want to protect your eardrums. 944.000 945.650 Cause sometimes as these balloons expand, 945.650 946.130 they pop. 946.130 946.930 And let me tell you, 946.930 949.330 ... I get quite shell shocked at the end of the day. 949.360 950.450 .. (H) So, 950.480 952.660 ... this really teaches us a lot people, 952.660 953.730 this tells us that the dif[ference] -- 953.480 953.730 >ENV: [((POP))] 953.730 954.500 PHIL: . 954.500 958.310 (H) .. The difference in a substance between a solid .. a liquid and a gas, 958.410 959.660 .. (H) .. like water, 959.660 960.310 i=s, 960.790 962.820 ... how fast the molecules are moving. 962.820 965.800 And that different ... substances become a solid, 965.800 966.530 ... a liquid, 966.530 967.920 .. and a gas at different temperatures, 967.920 972.240 and temperature (H) is a measurement of how fast or slow (H) molecules are moving. 972.240 973.970 .. (H) That's what I wanted to tell you people, 973.970 976.100 I love to share that with everyone that I meet, 976.100 977.540 (H) if you have any questions about this, 977.540 978.580 or= .. any other subject, 978.580 979.560 come on up and ask, 979.560 980.750 (H) .. even if you don't, 980.750 991.100 .. I certainly hope you have a great day here at the Museum= ... of Science ... (Hx). 991.100 991.740 >ENV: ((POP)) 991.750 992.270 AUD: X 992.270 992.770 PHIL: Oh, 993.270 993.870 ... @@@ (H) 993.910 995.760 .. . 997.500 998.750 .. Someone's been shot. 998.750 999.800 ... @